10 Foreign exchange and exchange rates


Loss for the year includes foreign exchange gains on financial instruments. The gain for the year also includes foreign exchange gains of £11m (2007: losses of £268m) arising on conversion of monetary assets and liabilities to functional currencies.

Principal rates of exchange used for translation are:

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01.01.08-
31.12.08
Average

2008
Year end

01.01.07-
31.12.07
Average

2007
Year end

United States Dollar

1.85

1.44

2.00

1.99

Euro

1.26

1.03

1.46

1.36

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